标题 | 成人英语学位英语考试讲义(四) |
内容 | 三、非谓语动词 不定式(to + V) 动名词 分词-ing 分词-ed (一)动词不定式(to+动词原形) 动词不定式的语法功能 可以做除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。 1)作主语 不定式或不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如: To serve the people well is our duty. 动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式主语。上述句子也可改为: It is our duty to serve the people well. 类似这样不定式做主语的句型有: It is + n.+ to do It takes sb.+ some time + to do It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do 例如: It is our duty to help them. It will take you quite a long time to finish it. It is easy for us to answer this question. It is kind of you to help me. 注: 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等: 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。 2)作宾语 We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers. 注意: 如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语,这时,通常要用"it"作形式宾语,而将不定式放到补语后面去。 例如: 他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。 ×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible. 宾语 宾补 ×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible. √They found it impossible to get everything ready in 宾补 宾语 advance. 再看下面的两个例句: I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings. Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet. 三级出题方式: I _____ to point out their shortcomings. A.consider it my duty B.consider it is my duty 3)作定语 This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意: ①用不定式作定语时,它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系,所以如果不定式是不及物动词,其后面应跟上必要的介词。 例如: Mary needs a friend to play with. There is nothing to worry about. Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ . A.a good place to live B.a good place for living in C.a good place to be lived in D.a good place to live in **:D ②不定式作定语,如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系,则不定式后面不能再带宾语。 例如: ×Here is a letter for you to type it. √Here is a letter for you to type. ×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them. √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for. 同时要注意:在这类结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。 4)作状语 In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard. 注意: ①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词,在句中作状语,这时不定式不能再带宾语。 例如: √The water is unfit to drink. ×The water is unfit to drink it. √They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand. ×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it. 同时要注意:在这类结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。 ②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。 例如: ×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane. √To save money, we took the bus instead of plane. 让我们看一道2005年11月份的三级试题: To succeed in a scientific experiment,______. A.one needs being patient person. B.patience is to need. C.one needs to be patient. D.patience is what needed. **:C 2.不定式的逻辑主语 如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者(即逻辑主语),就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。如: Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass? The conference is too important for you to miss. 3.不定式的时态和语态 不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式,也有主动和被动语态的区别。以study为例: 主动/被动一般式to study; to be studied 进行式to be studying 完成式to have studied; to have been studied 1)不定式的时态 不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作是同时发生,或是在其后发生的。如: Thousands of young people are learning to ski. 不定式的进行式(to be doing)所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时进行的,而且是正在进行的。如: They seemed to be getting along quite well. 不定式的完成进行时(to have done)表示限于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态,to have + V-ed 表示动作,to have been 表示状态。如: She seems to have finished her work. 不定式的完成进行时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生,而且一直进行着。如: She was happy to have been staying with her aunt. 2)不定式的语态 每个不定式都有其逻辑主语,如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者,不定式用主动式,如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,不定式用被动式。如: The doctor recommended him to air the room. 医生建议他打扫房间。 The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议打扫房间。 考试重点:使用不带to的不定式的几种情况 (1)在口语中,以why开头的简单问句中。例如: Why do it that way? Why not go out for a walk? (2)某些使役动词,如make, let,have等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时,用省略to的不定式。如: Let him do it.让他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。 (3)表示生理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to.这类词有: feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 hear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 注意: 表示 "感觉"的动词,既可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的进行,以不带to的不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的完成。 例如: I heard her playing the violin. 我听到她在拉小提琴. I don't see the ball break the window. 我没有看到球砸坏玻璃. 注意: 上述使役动词与感觉动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式需带to,如: He was seen to come. The boy was made to go to bed early. (4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如: Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 昨天晚上,除了看电视,我什么也没干。 但是,如果谓语动词不是"do nothing,anything,everything",那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. 医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。 There was nothing for them to do but remain silent. 除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。 记忆口诀: 前面有do,后面省to,前面无do,后面带to. (5)下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。 can not help but do(不得不) can not but do(不得不) cannot choose but do(只能) have no choice but do (只能) had better do(最好) would rather do(宁愿) 例如: When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 不定式练习 翻译下列句子: 走路去那里十分钟就到了。(考查不定式做主语的句型) 下一步做什么还没定。(考查疑问词+不定式的用法) 我们不可能赶上第一班车。(考查不定式做主语) 学英语的学生必须有本好字典。(考查不定式做主语,同时考察不定式的逻辑主语) 他是我们班唯一说英语的人。(考查不定式作定语) 他说话太快,我们跟不上。(考查too…to…结构,不定式作状语) 大厅足够大,能容纳一百人。(考查enough…to…结构,不定式作状语) 起床后妈妈会提醒我洗脸。(考查不定式作宾补) 为了不让我们失望,你必须遵守你的诺言。(考查不定式作状语) 参考** It takes ten minutes to walk there. < |
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